@inproceedings{PincasJackson_ASA08b,
        AUTHOR  =       "Pincas, J. and Jackson, P. J. B.",
        TITLE   =       "Amplitude modulation of noise cues voicing distinction in fricatives",
        BOOKTITLE =	"J.~Acoust.\ Soc.\ Am.",
        VOLUME  =       "123",
        NUMBER  =       "5, Pt.\,2",
        PAGES   =       "3934",
        NOTE	=	"{Presented at Acoustics'08}", 
	ADDRESS =	"Paris",
	MONTH   =       "July",
        YEAR    =       "2008",
        CITE    =       "Pincas and Jackson (2008)",
	ABSTRACT =	
"The aperiodic noise source in fricatives is characteristically amplitude 
modulated by voicing.  Previous psychoacoustic studies have established 
that observed levels of AM in voiced fricatives are detectable, and its 
inclusion in synthesis has improved speech quality. Phonological voicing in 
fricatives can be cued by a number of factors:  the voicing fundamental, 
duration of any devoicing, duration of frication, and formant transitions. 
However, the possible contribution of AM has not been investigated.  In a 
cue trading experiment, subjects distinguished between the nonsense words 
'ahser' and 'ahzer'.  The voicing boundary was measured along a 
formant-transition duration continuum, as a function of AM depth, voicing 
amplitude and masking of the voicing component by low-frequency noise.  The 
presence of AM increased voiced responses by approximately 30%. The ability 
of AM to cue voicing was strongest at greater modulation depths and when 
voicing was unavailable as a cue, as might occur in telecommunication 
systems or noisy environments.  Further work would examine other fricatives 
and phonetic contexts, as well as interaction with other cues."
}